[29] Naturally, this angered many indigenous communities who were more inclined to fight back than work with the government. 6 First Nations. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The peak of the conflict came in 1861 when the Blackfoot had threatened to kill any Cree, Metis, or white man whom they stumbled upon. Amendments to the Indian Act in 1985 re-established Indian status to over 750 members of the band. [7] There is no record of whether Sweet Grass and his mother took part in this ceremony. Gov. [50] The primary goal of the raid was to get supplies, but it after some pushback from the settlers it quickly became violent. I for one will take the hand that is offered. Ahtahkakoop supporting his fellow Chief and said, Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice (Stonechild and Waiser 17). [4] His name, Sweet Grass was inspired by an audacious feat that he attempted as a youth. When Mistahimaskwa returned to Fort Pitt, he brought discouraging news with him from the Indigenous peoples on the prairies who had already signed Treaties 1 to 5: the treaties had not amounted to everything that the people had hoped. What were the main terms of Treaty 6? [7] From this moment on, a special bond was formed between the child and whoever named them. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. [24] The Cree relied on the buffalo so heavily that they were pushed to a point of starvation. On 19 August, Morris was presented with chiefs, but he noticed the absence of the Duck Lake band leaders. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. This took much time but the Chiefs appeared to be satisfied with what the government was offering. In 2013, the City of Edmonton created Treaty No. Historian Hugh Dempsey argues that Weekaskookwasayins acceptance of the treaty was likely influenced by Mistawasis and Ahtukuoops decision to sign Treaty 6, rather than a close reading of the treaty terms. [41] Some of the Plains Cree simply could not accept peace with the Blackfoot. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? [27] During the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into contact with Sweet Grass and his band. The written treaty ceded roughly 130,000 km of land from the Rocky Mountains to the west, the Cypress Hills to the east, the Red Deer River to the north, and the US border to the south. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. The ceremony ended with dancing, drums, and singing of the men and women in the background (. Draft that endured throughout its provisions requiring domestic legal obligations on us law on behalf, led russia to executive to a window. For example, one of the first recorded treaties between First Nations involved the Onodowohgah (Seneca), Kanien'Kehaka (Mohawk), Onundagaono (Onondaga), Onayotekaono (Oneida), and Guyohkohnyoh (Cayuga). While the signing of the treaty can be seen as selling away indigenous rights, it did bring much-needed medication and food to the Cree who had insufficient options. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. In 150 we had entered into the Robinson Huron Treaty to protect. Aboriginal is an oversimplification that hides more meaning than it conveys. The buffalo was the plains First Nations livelihood: their source of food, shelter, clothing, and trading goods. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and 7? Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on . Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwe leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? Schools were to be established on reserves. a. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. [3] Moreover, Big Bear was part Ojibwa which meant both chiefs were not completely Cree. Who negotiated Treaty 6? He ventured into the Blackfoot territory, completely alone with the goal of capturing a herd of horses. During one hunt Sweetgrass's horse was unable to remain calm, which was affecting the hunting of buffalo. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). 6 Recognition Day in 2013. There was much debate and discussions that took place with the First Nations participants, but the Queens representatives were eager to conclude the deal with the First Nations. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. Despite it being a highly valuable horse Sweetgrass traded it for an inferior one, understanding the importance of the group over the individual. According to the notes of the commissions secretary, M.G. [11] The Cree are divided into several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta. [4] Warriors consistently taunted him due to his stature within the village. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. It was required to distinguish themselves during a war, as a provider, and as a generous giver to gain this position. When Treaty 6 was put forward by the Canadian government in 1876, Sweetgrass was profoundly influential in bringing the Plains Cree into the agreement. Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (, Mistawasis had one last request and wanted to know how the Half-Breeds w, That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. These issues, coupled with the opinion of lieutenant governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, Alexander Morris that treaties were effective ways to gain access to, and develop, lands in the West the government finally agreed to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Cree and neighbouring Indigenous peoples. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Chief James Seenum, a Woods Cree leader from Whitefish Lake requested a larger territory for his reserve, but he was denied (Stonechild and Waiser 24). It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. The signing of Treaty 6 was not the only reason for conflict between the Cree and other prominent Indigenous tribes in the region. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? We invite you to come and see us and to speak with us. [15] However, this almighty creator appeared to individuals through various sprits such as the bear and horse. I want all my brother Sweetgrass asks. Website Design by M.R. When Sweet Grass was chief, the different bands of the Cree were loose in a wide-ranging areas and usually named for the territory in which they operated[13] It was not uncommon for different bands to hunt and perform rituals together as seen with Sweet Grass relationship with Big Bear. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. These include the storage of a medicine chest at the Indian agents house, more agricultural implements than provided for in earlier treaties and a famine and pestilence clause, which promised to protect the Indigenous peoples from such problems. For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. When the Metis under Louis Riel started the Northwest-Rebellion in 1885, Wandering Spirit would lead a group of Cree to raid the Frog Lake Settlement. The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. Indigenous peoples are subject to the same tax rules as any other resident in Canada unless their income is eligible for the tax exemption under section 87 of the Indian Act. The fort was heavily stocked with provisions, which angered the staving Cree. How did Treaty 6 affect the First Nations? While it sometimes would go to the eldest son of the previous chief, an incompetent man would not be given the position. The government had two interpreters; Reverend McKay, who knew Swampy Cree and Saulteaux, and Peter Ballenden, who was a good interpreter in small groups but did not do so well in large group settings. They wanted assurance of their spiritual and physical survival (Price 20). One of the main questions is whether the signatories truly understood the concept of land cession. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (Stonechild and Waiser 5). The aim of peace and friendship treaties (1725-1779) to stabilize trade and relations. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. The treaty also provided twine and ammunition at a value of $1,500 per year, and agricultural implements, such as gardening tools, livestock, horses and wagons. Mistahimaskwa was frustrated and surprised that the other chiefs had not waited for him to return before concluding the negotiations. With guns and horses acquired through trade they had driven the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres to the west and south, occupying the rich buffalo-hunting lands of the prairie parkland. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? Why was Treaty 6 so important? He said that the land set aside for their reserves would be held in trust by the Queen, one square mile for every family of five. Poundmaker, a Councilor from Red Pheasants band, stood up and protested, This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. [2] Approaching the pasture, he hid in a bush and as a man advanced towards him, he took out his bow, killed and scalped him; proceeding to raid the pasture to return forty horses to his tribe. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Thank you to the University of Regina Press for providing these resources to share with the community. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? Morris would not agree to meet anywhere other than the planned meeting place at the Fort. In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. It was a tough decision to make. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (, Gov. Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice. How long does it take to become a CNA in Tennessee? According to Erasmus, Mistawasis and Ahtukukoop essentially silenced Pitikwahanapiwiyin and other dissenters. [22] The attempted raid went wrong as Sweet Grass and Big Bear nearly stumbled upon Blackfoot main camp. By the early 1870s, the plains First Nations were suffering. Some of the Chiefs and their people were hunting on the prairies and the ones that were present wanted to wait for the others while a message was sent for them to attend the meeting. In another instance, Sweet Grass had invited the Blackfoot into his camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them. The rest of the Cree assembled there three days later. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. Chief Sweetgrass arrived the next day and met with the rest of the First Nations to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton. On September 9, the Chiefs and Headmen signed their approval to accept Treaty 6. Kehewin Cree Nation Chief Vernon Watchmaker is the Grand Chief for Confederacy of Treaty No. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. On August 22, 1921, Chief Monfwi, representing all Tlicho, signed Treaty 11 with Canada. By participating, the leaders also took an oath to be truthful during the proceedings. Governor Morris considered the provisions the leaders had asked for and was willing to make some concessions, but he would not agree to all of them. That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. [3] Both Chiefs would work together in multiple raids on the Blackfoot. Treaties were a way of settling disputes for land, trading, hunting and gathering, marriage between tribes, and ending wars. Website Development Studio. Aboriginal has been an umbrella term used by Canadians and Canadian institutions for convenience. Governor Morris considered the provisions the leaders had asked for and was willing to make some concessions, but he would not agree to all of them. Its used to categorize all Indigenous Peoples from across Canada as one big homogenized group. Box 147 Gallivan, Saskatchewan S0M 0X0. [3] After being forced to set up camp along a river due to a snow storm, a member of their war party left to collect food and spotted a lone member of the Blackfoot on foot rounding up horses. Born about 1825 to the Cree/Ojibwa Chief Black Powder, Big Bear assumed power while still a young man after demonstrating his spiritual power and leadership qualities. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. Morris addressed the crowd reassuring them that the Queen would look after them and the next two days were spent considering the words of Morris speaking on behalf of the Crown. Are catch-up contributions subject to ADP testing. Treaty 6 Today It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. The Sweetgrass Nation was settled into the land West of the township Battleford, Saskatchewan in 1884. [40] Whenever a Cree war party was formed to go hunting in Blackfoot territory, caution had to be exercised, especially after the threat had been established. Sweet Grass had also requested that the government provide supplies as needed so that they may sustain themselves when traditional hunting was not an option. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (, The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. Gov. . [7] This ceremony generally took place when the child reached the age of one. [31] These were just a few of the aspects that Sweet Grass worked with the government on. The same significant ceremony of the pipe stem opened the meeting with the participants on September 7, 1876. Interpreter, Peter Erasmus, now employed with the government and travelling with the Treaty party translated the terms of the Treaty signed. Death. There were many subsequent adhesions to the treaty by individual bands, well into the 20th century. The government wanted tribes to become more democratic in its governing of the reserves and rely less on the chiefs who traditionally were the leaders of the community. Website Development Studio. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Mistahimaskwa was not the only chief who initially refused to sign the treaty. George McDougall and North West Mounted Police (NWMP) Inspector Crozier brought presents to give to the Cree, but Big Bear refused them, telling them they did not want presents until the treaties were finalized. Treaties are the law of the land in the relationship between First Nations and the rest of Canada. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). Limits on the Treaty Power Harvard Law Review. As stated previously, part of what the Cree wanted to be reflected by the terms of Treaty 6 was an end to the factionalism that had pitted the younger members of the Cree community against the older Indigenous Leadership. His mother was kidnapped during a war with the Cree from a tribe, which was located around Missouri. 11 Where was the Treaty 6 of 1876 signed? Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). Some, but not all, locals met them. Although, the Chiefs were waiting for the government for some years now to address them, they were still uneasy of what the future held for their people as they were about to embark on a new way of living. While a chief, Sweet Grass noticed the starvation and economic hardship the Cree were facing. Sweetgrass is also one of the herbs frequently included in medicine bundles and amulets. The tragedy is that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue to be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. + - This map is a work in progress. per family of five. For the first three years after the signing of the treaty, Indigenous peoples farming on reserves were entitled to $1,000 in agricultural provisions. An example of this would be when Sweet Grass and Big Bear assembled 18 Cree warriors that attempted to raid Blackfoot hunting territory. They were also concerned about starvation due to the diminishing supply of bison and other large game on which their economy depended. The great peace of Montreal was between: New France and indigenous groups of central and Eastern North America. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? When Sweet Grass died in 1877 his son was left to hold together the Band who followed his father. There were a lot of doubts and heavy conversations among the First Nations, they were not convinced that this new way of life would be able to sustain them into the future. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. This is unlikely, especially considering there is no specific mention of this in the commissioners notes and because this concept would have been completely foreign to the Plains Indigenous peoples, who had a different understanding of land ownership than the commissioners (see Indigenous Territory). They were mostly Woods Cree and Dene and had not been influenced by Christianity and farming as the others who signed Treaty at Fort Carlton (Stonechild and Waiser 22). Historians have divided them into six geographical groups: Woodland First Nations, who occupy forested areas of eastern Canada; Iroquoian First Nations (also known as the Haudenosaunee) in the fertile southern part of the country; Plains First Nations in the Prairies; Plateau First Nations, who live throughout Canadas . First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. In addition to rights and provisions similarly enshrined in Treaties 1 to 5, Morris agreed to three terms brought forward by the chiefs that are not found in previous Numbered Treaties. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. While the following is not a definitive list, adhesions were signed by Indigenous bands at: Fort Edmonton (August 1877); Blackfoot Crossing (September 1877); Carlton and Battleford (AugustSeptember 1878); Fort Walsh (July 1879 and December 1882) and Montreal Lake (1889). He attempted to take Sweet Grasss pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. (Stonechild and Waiser 26), Mista Muskwa (Big Bear) monument on the Poundmaker Cree NationPhoto Credit: Deanne Kasokeo. The band had instead sent a messenger to attend the negotiations. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (, In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. For a time there was discussion regarding Erasmus words, but then Sweetgrass stood up to say, Mistawasis and Ahtahkakoop I consider far wiser than I am; therefore if they have accepted this treaty for their people after many days of talk and careful thought, then I am prepared to accept for my people. The other Chiefs agreed with him and they were ready to meet with Morris to accept the Treaty. [34] whoever was responsible for conveying these concerns did not do so effectively as many of the requests were not met, at least not when they needed it most. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The manager of the HBC post at Fort Carlton, Lawrence Clarke, wrote to government officials that same summer, alerting them that the Cree had also threatened to turn back telegraph workers who were trying to construct a line from Winnipeg to Edmonton. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Website Design by M.R. On 23 August, the chiefs and commissioners negotiated the terms of the treaty. [48] The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease. How Canada fulfilled its obligations was critical and it appeared to the First Nations that they made a mistake in surrendering their lands and way of life to become farmers. January 2020Sweetgrass First Nation is pleased to announce our updated website. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. They believed that the land was sacred. Why are but was the of treaty waitangi written out. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Under the leadership of Young Sweet Grass, the band began to fall apart due to internal conflict. John A. Macdonald envisioned the west as a grain producing region full of European immigrants (Dodson 17). On arrival at Fort Carlton on 15 August, Morris met with the head chiefs of the Carlton Cree: Mistawasis (Big Child) and Ahtahkakoop (Star Blanket). A picture of Sweet Grass is in the archives of the Glenbow Museum. (Christensen 234), Once everyone was assembled at the Council tent, the pipe stem ceremony began with all the Chiefs, headmen, singers, and drummers. If you need assistance, please contact us directly. We Send these words by our Master Mr.Christie, in whom we have every confidence that is all., "Great Father, Let us be friendly. When they arrived at the council tent they hoisted the union jack - the flag of Britain. [17] After death, the soul would wonder the earth for four days, and then would travel to the land of the dead, which was believed to be in the Milky Way. [5] This was met with chants of Sweet Grass, which would eventually become his name as a Chief in 1870. Treaty 6 was the biggest piece of legislation between Plains Cree Leaders and the colonial government. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. In Canada, Aboriginal title describes the rights of Indigenous peoples to land based on long-standing land use and occupancy. The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. Not all Plains Cree would sign the treaty at first, and many would become disillusioned after signing. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. Both of these issues became an extremely important topic discussed in treaty negotiations which Sweet Grass was heavily involved in. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. Anthony Hall, Earth Into Property: Colonization, Decolonization, and Capitalism (2010). The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. Many Chiefs anticipated the arrival of the Queens treaty commissioners. Big Bear held out on signing an adhesion until 1882. . [55] Young Sweet Grass would eventually become chief and would name the new group the Sweetgrass First Nation in honour of his father. Canadian government from the First to arrive what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers ( Gov... Fall apart due to the Indian Act in 1985 re-established Indian status to over 750 members of the secretary. One of the commissions secretary, M.G marriage between tribes, and held. The land West of the Duck Lake band leaders until 1882. Battleford, Saskatchewan in 1884 to our! That is offered basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously Price 20 ) were left, that... To share with the goal of capturing a herd of horses back to you with any further.! 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